With its convenient geographical location, clear government policy support for cryptocurrencies, and friendly taxation (0% personal income tax, 9% corporate income tax, and 146 double taxation avoidance agreements), the UAE has become one of the global centers for cryptocurrency and blockchain innovation. It is worth noting that in the field of virtual asset regulation in the UAE, ADGM (Abu Dhabi Global Market) and VARA (Dubai Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority) have different characteristics and positioning. When analyzing the UAE's regulated virtual asset licensing system, it is necessary to distinguish between the two major jurisdictions of Abu Dhabi and Dubai.
This article will explore the key content and differences between Abu Dhabi and Dubai in terms of compliance supervision. By understanding the regulatory requirements and differences between the two places, crypto practitioners can better conduct their business, ensure their own legal and compliant operations, and promote the healthy development of the entire crypto industry.
Abu Dhabi VS Dubai
In Abu Dhabi, ADGM (Abu Dhabi Global Market) is an international financial center established to support the region's economic strategy and play the role of a global financial and commercial center. Its independent regulator is FSRA (Financial Services Regulatory Authority), which is responsible for supervising and enforcing ADGM's specific crypto asset regulatory provisions.
FSRA regulates virtual assets as a specific asset class in the financial industry. Therefore, the scope of business of the crypto asset licenses it issues is relatively limited, and it does not have a special customized regulatory framework like Dubai VARA. The application process usually takes six to seven months, and the compliance requirements for the applicant are relatively strict - adopting the licensing standards of traditional financial institutions. This makes exchanges with technical backgrounds face a high entry threshold, while traditional financial institutions are more adaptable to transform and carry out crypto business.
In Dubai, virtual asset licenses are divided into two major systems:
1. DIFC (Dubai International Financial Center): As a financial free trade zone, its regulatory model is similar to ADGM, and its independent regulator is DFSA (Dubai Financial Services Authority). DFSA classifies virtual assets as tokenized assets in financial instruments for regulation. The application cycle is about seven to eight months. It is mainly for large institutions with financial qualifications, but provides a special channel for "innovation licenses": pure technology development companies (not involving customer fund custody or financial transactions) can be approved in only about three months.
2. VARA (Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority): A regulatory agency specially established by the Dubai government. It does not directly issue business licenses, but superimposes virtual asset business licenses on existing company licenses. Its regulatory scope covers Dubai mainland companies and free zone companies (except DIFC), and authorizes specific virtual asset businesses through a licensing mechanism. 3. SCA (Securities and Commodities Administration) is responsible for regulating ICO and token issuance activities. Companies planning to conduct ICO in UAE may need to obtain approval from SCA.
Main differences between VARA and ADGM
Institutional nature and positioning
VARA: It is a government functional department established by the Dubai government to specifically regulate virtual assets. It is responsible for regulating the virtual asset industry in Dubai (except DIF), including virtual currency exchanges, virtual asset venture capital funds, NFT platforms, etc.
ADGM: It is a financial free trade zone with an independent regulatory system. Its Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA) is responsible for regulating companies that provide virtual asset-related services in ADGM.
Jurisdiction
VARA: The jurisdiction is the Emirate of Dubai (excluding DIFC).
ADGM: The jurisdiction is Abu Dhabi Global Market and Al Maria Island.
Regulatory scope of virtual asset activities
VARA: Regulated virtual asset activities include brokerage services, virtual asset consulting services, exchanges/multilateral transactions, virtual asset custody, virtual asset management, investment transactions as a principal, and NFT-related activities.
ADGM: Regulated virtual asset activities include brokerage services, virtual asset consulting services, exchanges/multilateral transactions, virtual asset custody, virtual asset management, investment transactions as a principal, etc., but NFT-related activities are not within the scope of regulation.
Application conditions and requirements
Company registration: VARA requires applicants to register in the Dubai mainland or any free trade zone in Dubai (except DIFC); ADGM requires applicants to register in the Abu Dhabi Global Market.
Office space: Both require a physical office and do not accept shared desks. VARA generally requires at least one desk for every two visas; ADGM generally requires at least one desk for every three visas.
Regulatory capital: VARA's regulatory capital requirements range from US$11,000 to US$27,000, up to US$408,000, or 15%/25% of fixed annual expenses, depending on the type of virtual asset activities; ADGM's operating expenses (opex) period is 6 to 12 months depending on the type of activity.
Application process and time
VARA: The application process includes preparing a compliant business plan, holding an initial meeting with VARA, submitting materials as required, reviewing materials, making operational adjustments based on conditions, re-reviewing and issuing licenses, etc. It usually takes 4-8 months to obtain a business license. Document list: Overview of virtual asset services, KYC documents of company directors and shareholders, financial forecasts, other regulatory documents required by VARA, etc.
ADGM: The application process includes due diligence and discussion with the FSRA team, submitting a formal application, obtaining approval in principle, obtaining final approval, conducting "operational start-up" tests, etc. The application time is generally about 6 months. Document list: Business plan for virtual asset services, KYC documents of company directors and shareholders and other key personnel, financial forecasts, other regulatory documents required by ADGM, etc.
Required Fees
VARA: Application fee is between $11,000 and $27,000, and ongoing monitoring fees are between $22,000 and $55,000, depending on the activity.
ADGM: Application fee is between $20,000 and $125,000, and ongoing monitoring fees are between $15,000 and $60,000, depending on the activity.
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